The four-wheel drive system (4WD) is a resource that allows the vehicle to have greater grip on the ground, especially in adverse conditions, such as rough, slippery or snowy terrain. This system is made up of several components that work together to ensure proper distribution of torque to each wheel.
The four-wheel drive system can be divided into two main categories: permanent all-wheel drive and selective all-wheel drive.
Permanent all-wheel drive
In permanent all-wheel drive, all four wheels are driven simultaneously, regardless of ground grip. This system is common in off-road vehicles or SUVs. Torque is distributed equally between the four wheels, which ensures constant and safe traction on any type of terrain.
In permanent all-wheel drive, the center differential is the key component. He is responsible for distributing torque between the front and rear wheels. Typically, the center differential is an open gear differential, which means it allows the wheels to rotate at different speeds. However, on some vehicles, the center differential can be locked to ensure that all four wheels rotate in sync.
Selective all-wheel drive
In selective all-wheel drive, all four wheels are driven only when necessary. This system is common in passenger cars or sports cars. When the front wheels lose grip, for example, the four-wheel drive system kicks in to make sure the rear wheels get torque too.
In selective all-wheel drive, the center differential is replaced by a viscous coupling system or a multidisc clutch system. The viscous coupling is a mechanical system that uses a viscous fluid to transfer torque between the front and rear wheels. The multi-plate clutch system uses a clutch to transfer torque between the front and rear wheels.
Conclusion
The four-wheel drive system is an advanced technology that can significantly improve vehicle performance in adverse conditions. Whether in permanent or selective all-wheel drive, this system is made up of several components that work together to ensure the proper distribution of torque to each wheel. It is important to remember that the four-wheel drive system is not a replacement for safe and responsible driving, but rather a feature that can help ensure vehicle safety and stability in certain situations.
