38. Basic grammar: Honorific forms

Japanese grammar is one of the most fascinating and challenging aspects of language learning. One of the unique features of Japanese grammar is the use of honorific forms, which are used to show respect and courtesy in communication. In our entry-level Japanese course, we'll explore honorific forms, understanding how and when to use them correctly.

The honorific system in Japanese is known as "keigo" (敬語) and is an integral part of the language. It is used to express respect, humility or courtesy, and is often reflected through choice of vocabulary, verb conjugation and even sentence structure.

Keigo is divided into three main categories: sonkeigo (respectful), kenjougo (humble), and teineigo (polite). Let's explore each of them in detail.

Sonkeigo (尊敬語)

Sonkeigo is respectful language used when referring to the actions or states of another person (especially someone of higher social status, such as a boss or a customer). Using sonkeigo elevates the person you are referring to. For example, the verb "see" is "miru" in Japanese. But when referring to someone of higher status seeing something, you would use "goran ni naru".

Kenjougo (謙譲語)

Kenjougo is the humble language used when talking about your own actions or the actions of people in your inner group (such as your family or company). The use of kenjougo lowers the speaker in relation to the person they are talking to. For example, the verb "to do" is "suru" in Japanese. But if you were talking about yourself doing something for someone of higher status, you would use "itasu".

Teineigo (丁寧語)

Teineigo is polite language used to smooth speech and show courtesy. It is usually used in formal situations or with people you don't know well. It is often marked by the ending "masu" or "desu" at the end of verbs. For example, the verb "to eat" is "taberu" in Japanese. But in teineigo, you would say "tabemasu".

In summary, the basic grammar of honorific forms in Japanese is a crucial aspect of the language that reflects the Japanese culture of respect and courtesy. In our entry-level Japanese course, you will learn to use these honorific forms correctly, improving your ability to communicate effectively in Japanese. Remember, practice is the key to mastering keigo. Therefore, practice using these honorific forms as much as possible to become fluent in Japanese.

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