2.7. Atomic Structure: Energy Sublevels

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Atomic structure is one of the most important and fundamental topics in chemistry. It is the basis for understanding many other chemical concepts and principles. In this chapter, we will focus on the energy sublevels of atomic structure, a crucial concept for understanding the organization and behavior of electrons in an atom.

The atom is made up of three fundamental particles: protons, neutrons, and electrons. Protons and neutrons are located in the nucleus of the atom, while electrons orbit the nucleus in specific regions called energy levels or electron shells.

Each energy level is divided into sublevels, which are designated by the letters s, p, d, and f. Each subshell has a specific number of orbitals, where each orbital can hold a maximum of two electrons. The s subshell has 1 orbital, the p subshell has 3 orbitals, the d subshell has 5 orbitals, and the f subshell has 7 orbitals. Therefore, the s subshell can contain a maximum of 2 electrons, the p subshell can contain a maximum of 6 electrons, the d subshell can contain a maximum of 10 electrons, and the f subshell can contain a maximum of 14 electrons.

The aufbau rule, or principle of construction, is used to determine the order in which electrons fill subshells. According to this rule, electrons fill subshells in order of increasing energy. This means that the 1s sublevel is populated first, followed by the 2s sublevel, then the 2p sublevel, 3s sublevel, and so on.

Furthermore, the Pauli exclusion principle states that each orbital can hold a maximum of two electrons, and those electrons must have opposite spins. This means that if one electron in an orbital has an up spin, the other electron in the same orbital must have a down spin.

Hund's rule is another important principle in determining the electronic structure of atoms. According to this rule, electrons fill each orbital of a subshell with a single electron before starting to pair electrons. Furthermore, all electrons in singular orbitals must have the same spin.

Understanding atomic structure and energy sublevels is crucial to understanding the periodic table, element properties, and chemical reactions. For example, the periodic table is organized based on the atomic number of elements, which is determined by the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom. In addition, the position of an element in the periodic table can provide information about the electron configuration of the atom.

In summary, energy sublevels are a fundamental part of atomic structure. They determine how electrons are arranged in an atom and how electrons interact with other atoms to form chemical compounds. Therefore, having a solid understanding of energy sublevels and how they work is essential for any serious study of chemistry.

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102.8. Atomic Structure: Linus Pauling Diagram