2.8. Atomic Structure: Linus Pauling Diagram

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The Linus Pauling diagram is an essential tool in the study of atomic structure, especially for those preparing for the Enem test. This concept, developed by chemist and physicist Linus Pauling, is a visual way of understanding the distribution of electrons in an atom and the formation of ions and molecules.

To begin with, it's important to understand that atoms are made up of three types of particles: protons, neutrons, and electrons. Protons and neutrons make up the nucleus of the atom, while electrons orbit around that nucleus in specific energy levels called electron shells or energy levels. Each energy level can hold a specific number of electrons.

The Linus Pauling diagram is a graphical representation of these energy levels and the distribution of electrons between them. The structure of the diagram is based on the theory of the Aufbau principle, which states that electrons occupy lower energy levels first before moving to higher levels.

In the Linus Pauling diagram, energy levels are represented by horizontal lines, with the lowest energy levels at the bottom and the highest at the top. Each row can contain a specific number of electrons, represented by arrows. The up arrows represent electrons with spin up, while the arrows down represent electrons with spin down.

To complete the diagram, start at the lowest energy level and work your way up, placing electrons in each level until all the electrons in the atom are accounted for. Remember that each energy level can only hold a specific number of electrons. For example, the first energy level can only hold two electrons, while the second level can hold up to eight.

The Linus Pauling diagram can also be used to determine the electron configuration of an atom. The electron configuration is a description of the distribution of electrons in an atom. It is written as a series of numbers and letters that represent energy levels and the number of electrons in each level. For example, the electron configuration of oxygen, with 8 electrons, is 1s² 2s² 2p⁴.

In addition, the Linus Pauling diagram can be used to predict ion formation. Ions are atoms that have gained or lost electrons, becoming charged. The formation of ions can be predicted by looking at the distribution of electrons in the Linus Pauling diagram. For example, an atom that has an electron at a very high energy level is likely to lose that electron to form a positive ion, or cation. Likewise, an atom that has an energy level that is nearly full is likely to gain an electron to form a negative ion, or anion.

In summary, the Linus Pauling diagram is a valuable tool for understanding atomic structure and the distribution of electrons in an atom. It provides a solid foundation for studying chemistry and is an important concept to master for the ENEM exam.

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112.9. Atomic Structure: Periodic Table