5.12. Planets of the Solar System: Space exploration and missions to the planets

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The vast universe that surrounds us is a fascinating mystery that humanity has been trying to unravel since the dawn of civilization. In particular, the planets of our solar system have been the focus of many space exploration missions, with the aim of learning more about their composition, atmosphere, possibility of life, among others. In this chapter, we'll dive into space exploration and missions to the planets in our solar system.

5.12.1 Mercury

The closest planet to the sun, Mercury, has been the target of several exploration missions. The first mission, Mariner 10, was launched by NASA in 1973 and made three passes by Mercury in 1974 and 1975. In 2008, NASA's MESSENGER probe entered Mercury's orbit, becoming the first mission to do so. During its mission, MESSENGER provided new information about the composition of Mercury's surface, its geology and its magnetic field.

5.12.2 Venus

Venus, the second planet from the sun, is one of the most explored planets in our solar system. The Soviet Union launched a series of missions to Venus in the 1960s and 1970s, including Venera 7, which became the first spacecraft to successfully land on another planet and transmit data back to Earth. More recently, the European Space Agency launched the Venus Express mission in 2005, which studied Venus' atmosphere and climate.

5.12.3 Mars

Mars, the fourth planet from the sun, has been the target of numerous space exploration missions due to its potential to harbor life. NASA has a long history of exploring Mars, with missions such as Viking 1 and 2, which landed on Mars in 1976, and Mars Pathfinder, which landed in 1997. More recently, NASA launched the Mars Science Laboratory mission, which landed the Curiosity rover on Mars in 2012. Curiosity continues to explore Mars today, providing valuable information about the planet's geology and climate.

5.12.4 Jupiter

Jupiter, the largest planet in our solar system, has been the target of several exploration missions. NASA's Pioneer 10 was the first spacecraft to visit Jupiter in 1973. Since then, NASA has launched several other missions to Jupiter, including Galileo, which entered Jupiter's orbit in 1995, and Juno, which entered Jupiter's orbit in 2016. The Juno mission continues to study Jupiter today, providing information about the planet's atmosphere, its magnetic field, and its internal structure.

5.12.5 Saturn

Saturn, the second largest planet in our solar system, has been the target of several exploration missions. NASA's Pioneer 11 was the first spacecraft to visit Saturn in 1979. In 2004, NASA and the European Space Agency's Cassini-Huygens mission entered Saturn's orbit. The Cassini mission studied Saturn and its moons until 2017, providing valuable information about the planet, its rings and its moons.

5.12.6 Uranus and Neptune

Uranus and Neptune, the two planets furthest from the sun, have been visited only once by a spacecraft. NASA's Voyager 2 flew by Uranus in 1986 and Neptune in 1989, providing most of the information we have about these two icy planets.

In conclusion, space exploration has played a vital role in increasing our understanding of the planets in our solar system. Each mission brings us one step closer to answering fundamental questions about our place in the universe and whether we are alone in it.

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305.13. Planets of the Solar System: The formation and evolution of the Solar System