15. Organic Functions

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The study of Organic Functions is a fundamental part of the complete Chemistry course for the Enem test. Organic chemistry, also known as carbon chemistry, is responsible for studying compounds that contain carbon in their composition. Organic functions are groups of organic compounds that have similar chemical behavior due to the presence of the same functional group. The functional group is an atom or set of atoms that defines the chemical properties of an organic substance.

The main organic functions are: hydrocarbons, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, esters, ethers, amines and amides. Each of these functions has specific characteristics and properties, which will be detailed below.

Hydrocarbons

Hydrocarbons are compounds made up solely of carbon and hydrogen. They are divided into alkanes, alkenes and alkynes, depending on the type of bond between the carbon atoms. Alkanes have only single bonds, alkenes have one double bond, and alkynes have one triple bond.

Alcohols

Alcohols are compounds that have one or more hydroxyl groups (-OH) bonded directly to a saturated carbon atom. The nomenclature of alcohols is done by adding the ending -ol to the name of the corresponding hydrocarbon.

Aldehydes

Aldehydes are compounds that have the -CHO functional group, where carbon is linked to a hydrogen atom and an oxygen atom by a double bond. Aldehydes are named by adding the ending -al to the name of the corresponding hydrocarbon.

Ketones

Ketones are compounds that have the -CO- functional group, where the carbon is linked to two other carbons and an oxygen atom by a double bond. The naming of ketones is done by adding the -one ending to the name of the corresponding hydrocarbon.

Carboxylic Acids

Carboxylic acids are compounds that have the -COOH functional group, where carbon is bonded to a hydrogen atom, an oxygen atom by a double bond, and a hydroxyl group. The nomenclature of carboxylic acids is done by adding the ending -oic to the name of the corresponding hydrocarbon.

Esters

Esters are compounds that have the -COO- functional group, where the carbon is bonded to two oxygen atoms and to another carbon. The nomenclature of esters is done using the name of the corresponding carboxylic acid with the ending -ato and the name of the corresponding alcohol.

Ethers

Ethers are compounds that have the -O- functional group, where oxygen is bonded to two carbon atoms. The nomenclature of ethers is done using the name of the corresponding hydrocarbons separated by the word "ether".

Amines and Amides

Amines are compounds that have the -NH2 functional group, where nitrogen is bonded to two hydrogen atoms. The naming of amines is done by adding the ending -amine to the name of the corresponding hydrocarbon. Amides are compounds that have the -CONH2 functional group, where carbon is linked to an oxygen atom by a double bond, to a nitrogen atom and to two hydrogen atoms. The nomenclature of amides is done by adding the ending -amide to the name of the corresponding hydrocarbon.

In summary, the study of organic functions is essential to understanding the chemistry of carbon compounds. Each function has its own chemical properties and behaviors, which are determined by its functional group. This knowledge is fundamental for the Enem test and for any further study in organic chemistry.

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