12. Neurotransmitters

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Neurotransmitters are chemical substances produced by neurons, the cells of the nervous system. They are responsible for transmitting information between neurons, allowing the nervous system to function properly. In this chapter, we will explore the crucial role that these chemical messengers play in the functioning of our nervous system.

What are Neurotransmitters?

Neurotransmitters are molecules that transmit messages from one neuron to another. They are released into the synapse, the space between two neurons, and are received by specific receptors on the receiving neuron. There are many different types of neurotransmitters, each with specific functions and effects on the nervous system.

How Do Neurotransmitters Work?

When an electrical impulse, or action potential, reaches the end of a neuron (the presynaptic terminal), it triggers the release of neurotransmitters. These neurotransmitters then cross the synapse and bind to specific receptors on the postsynaptic neuron. This can trigger a new action potential in the receiving neuron, allowing the signal to be transmitted. Additionally, neurotransmitters can also have inhibitory effects, reducing the likelihood that the receiving neuron will fire an action potential.

Types of Neurotransmitters

There are many different types of neurotransmitters, but here we will focus on some of the most important ones.

Acetylcholine

Acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter that plays an important role in muscle function, gland activity and memory. In Alzheimer's disease, for example, the neurons that produce acetylcholine are damaged or destroyed, leading to problems with memory and cognition.

Dopamine

Dopamine is a neurotransmitter that is involved in several functions of the nervous system, including motivation, reward, and the regulation of movement. Abnormalities in dopamine systems are associated with several neurological and psychiatric diseases, including Parkinson's disease and schizophrenia.

Serotonin

Serotonin is a neurotransmitter that helps regulate mood, appetite, sleep, memory and learning. Low serotonin levels are associated with depression.

GABA

Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is the main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. It helps reduce neuronal activity and prevent overexcitation of the nervous system. Medications that increase GABA activity are used to treat conditions such as anxiety and epilepsy.

Conclusion

Neurotransmitters are fundamental to the functioning of the nervous system, allowing communication between neurons. They play a role in almost every aspect of behavior and bodily function, from regulating sleep and appetite to modulating mood and emotions. Understanding how neurotransmitters work and how they are affected by diseases and medications is crucial to advancing neuroscience and medicine.

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