8. Moist heat sterilization

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Moist heat sterilization is one of the most common and effective methods used in the Sterilized Material Center (CME) in nursing. The basic principle of this method is the use of steam under pressure to kill microorganisms, including bacterial spores. Moist heat is more effective and faster at penetrating and killing microorganisms than dry heat, making it a preferred sterilization method in many healthcare settings.

Moist heat sterilization is performed in a device called an autoclave, which is essentially a large, robust pressure chamber. The autoclave can operate at different temperature and pressure settings, but the most common setting is 121°C and 15 psi (pounds per square inch) pressure for 15 to 30 minutes. This setting is sufficient to kill most microorganisms, including heat-resistant bacterial spores.

There are several steps involved in moist heat sterilization. First, the items to be sterilized are cleaned and dried. They are then packaged in vapor permeable material such as medical grade paper or cotton cloth. The package is then placed in the autoclave. Once the autoclave is closed, steam is injected into the chamber. Pressure is increased to ensure steam penetrates all items. The heat from the steam kills microorganisms, and the process is maintained for a specific period of time to ensure complete sterilization.

After sterilization, the autoclave is gradually depressurized and the items are removed and left to dry. It is important that items are completely dry before removal to avoid recontamination. Once dry, items are stored in clean, dry conditions until needed for use.

There are several advantages to moist heat sterilization. It is a quick, effective and relatively inexpensive method. It can be used for a wide range of materials including surgical instruments, glass, rubber and some plastics. However, there are also some disadvantages. Some materials, such as certain types of plastic and rubber, can be damaged by heat and pressure. In addition, the autoclave must be regularly maintained and monitored to ensure it is working properly.

An important aspect of moist heat sterilization is quality control. This includes regularly checking the autoclave to ensure it is working properly, using biological and chemical indicators to confirm that sterilization has been successful, and adequate staff training to ensure the process is carried out correctly.

Biological indicators contain bacterial spores that are highly resistant to heat. They are placed in the autoclave along with the items to be sterilized and then incubated to verify that the spores have been killed. If the spores survive, it indicates that the sterilization was unsuccessful. Chemical indicators, on the other hand, change color or shape when exposed to specific heat and pressure conditions, indicating that the sterilization process has been successfully completed.

Overall, moist heat sterilization is a crucial part of CME nursing practice. When performed correctly, this method can ensure that instruments and materials used in patient care are free of microorganisms, helping to prevent infections and promote patient safety.

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99. Radiation sterilization