7. Learning and Conditioning

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Learning and Conditioning

Learning and conditioning are two fundamental concepts in psychology that play a significant role in how humans and animals adapt to their environment. These concepts are essential for understanding human and animal behavior.

Learning

Learning is a process by which living beings acquire new knowledge, skills, behaviors, attitudes or values ​​through study, experience or teaching. It is a relatively permanent change in an individual's behavior or potential for behavior as a result of experiences or interactions with the environment.

Learning can occur in many ways, including conditioning, training, research, and practice. Learning is not something that happens all at once, but is an ongoing process throughout life.

Conditioning

Conditioning is a learning process that involves associations between environmental stimuli and behavioral responses. There are two main types of conditioning: classical conditioning and operant conditioning.

Classical Conditioning

Classical conditioning, also known as Pavlovian conditioning, is a type of learning in which a neutral stimulus is repeatedly paired with an unconditioned stimulus that naturally and automatically elicits a response. Over time, the neutral stimulus starts to elicit the same response when presented alone. This type of learning was first studied by Ivan Pavlov, a Russian psychologist, in his experiments with dogs.

Operant Conditioning

Operant conditioning, also known as instrumental conditioning, is a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened or weakened by the consequences that follow. If a behavior is followed by a pleasant consequence, it is more likely to be repeated in the future. On the other hand, if a behavior is followed by an unpleasant consequence, it is less likely to be repeated. This type of learning has been studied extensively by B.F. Skinner, an American psychologist, in his experiments with rats and pigeons.

In summary, learning and conditioning are essential processes that allow us to adapt our behavior to the environment. They play a crucial role in shaping our habits, skills and behaviors, and are key to understanding many aspects of human and animal behavior.

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88. Memory and Cognition