12. Electrochemistry

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Electrochemistry is an area of ​​chemistry that studies reactions involving the transfer of electrons and the interconversion of chemical energy into electrical energy. These studies are extremely relevant for the ENEM test, as this area is frequently addressed in questions that require understanding of electrochemical concepts and processes.

1. Basic Concepts

Before delving into more complex topics, it is important to understand some basic concepts of Electrochemistry. The first of these is oxidation-reduction, a type of chemical reaction in which electrons are transferred from one chemical species to another. This involves two processes: Oxidation, where electrons are lost, and Reduction, where electrons are gained.

Another fundamental concept is the electrochemical cell, which is a device that converts chemical energy into electrical energy. There are two main types of electrochemical cells: galvanic (or voltaic) cells, which carry out spontaneous redox reactions to produce electrical energy, and electrolytic cells, which use electrical energy to promote non-spontaneous redox reactions.

2. Galvanic Cells

Galvanic cells are the basis for building batteries and cells. They are composed of two electrodes (anode and cathode) immersed in an electrolytic solution. Oxidation takes place at the anode and reduction at the cathode. The potential difference between the electrodes is what generates the electric current.

3. Electrolytic Cells

Electrolytic cells are used in industrial processes, such as electrolysis, which is the decomposition of a substance by means of an electric current. In this type of cell, electrical energy is used to promote non-spontaneous reactions. A common example of electrolysis is the production of aluminum from bauxite.

4. Electrode Potential and Standard Reduction Potential

Electrode potential is the ability of an electrode to gain or lose electrons. The standard reduction potential (Eº) is a measure of the tendency of a chemical species to be reduced. These concepts are fundamental to understanding how electrochemical cells work and how to calculate the electromotive force of a cell.

5. Nernst and Gibbs equations

The Nernst equation is used to calculate the electrode potential under non-standard conditions, while the Gibbs equation is used to determine the spontaneity of a reaction. These equations are important tools for understanding and predicting the behavior of electrochemical systems.

6. Corrosion and Cathodic Protection

Corrosion is an electrochemical process of degradation of materials, usually metals, by redox reactions. Cathodic protection is a technique used to prevent corrosion by transforming the metal to be protected into the cathode of an electrochemical cell.

Understanding Electrochemistry is essential for the ENEM test, as this area is frequently addressed in questions that require understanding of electrochemical concepts and processes. In addition, Electrochemistry has important practical applications, such as in energy production, industry and corrosion prevention.

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