10. Chemical Equilibrium

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The tenth chapter of our Chemistry e-book for the ENEM test is dedicated to Chemical Equilibrium, one of the most important and frequently questioned topics in the test. Let's start with a simple definition: chemical equilibrium is the state in which the forward and backward reaction rates are equal, resulting in constant concentrations of reactants and products.

Now, let's dig a little deeper. Chemical equilibrium can be represented by the following general equation: aA + bB ⇌ cC + dD. Here, A and B are the reactants, C and D are the products, and a, b, c, and d represent their respective stoichiometric coefficients. The double arrow indicates that the reaction can occur in both directions.

At chemical equilibrium, the rate of formation of products (left to right) is equal to the rate of formation of reactants (right to left). This does not mean that the concentrations of reactants and products are the same, but rather that they are constant. The relationship between the concentrations of reactants and products at equilibrium is given by the equilibrium expression, also known as the Law of Mass Action.

The Law of Mass Action, formulated by Cato Guldberg and Peter Waage, states that the ratio between the concentrations of products and reactants, each raised to its stoichiometric coefficient, is a constant. This constant is known as the equilibrium constant (Kc).

For the reaction aA + bB ⇌ cC + dD, the equilibrium expression is: Kc = ([C]^c [D]^d) / ([A]^a [B]^b), where [ A], [B], [C] and [D] are the concentrations of A, B, C and D, respectively, at equilibrium.

Another important concept is Le Chatelier's Principle, which states that if a system in equilibrium is disturbed by a change in conditions (such as temperature, pressure, or concentration), the system will adjust to minimize the effect of the disturbance and restore equilibrium. balance.

For example, if the concentration of a reactant is increased, the system will shift to the right to consume excess reactant and produce more products. Likewise, if the concentration of a product is increased, the system will shift to the left to consume excess product and produce more reactants.

Relative to temperature, if the reaction is exothermic (releases heat), an increase in temperature will shift the equilibrium to the left, while a decrease in temperature will shift the equilibrium to the right. For endothermic reactions (absorb heat), the opposite is true.

As for pressure, an increase in pressure will shift the equilibrium in the direction of less gas, while a decrease in pressure will shift the equilibrium in the direction of more gas.

Understanding chemical equilibrium and how it is affected by changing conditions is critical to understanding many chemical processes, from laboratory reactions to industrial processes and natural phenomena. We hope this chapter will help you master this vital topic for the ENEM test.

In the next chapter, we'll explore chemical kinetics, which deals with the rates of chemical reactions. Stay tuned!

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5911. Acids and Bases