2.3. Atomic Structure: Atomic Number and Mass Number

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The atomic structure is one of the fundamental concepts of Chemistry, being essential for the understanding of many other topics. The atom is the basic unit of matter, composed of subatomic particles: protons, neutrons and electrons. Each atom is characterized by its atomic number and mass number, which determine its properties and behavior.

The atomic number, represented by the letter Z, is defined as the total number of protons in the nucleus of an atom. This number is unique for each chemical element, which means that no element has the same atomic number as another. For example, hydrogen has an atomic number of 1 because it has a single proton in its nucleus, while oxygen has an atomic number of 8 because it has eight protons.

The atomic number is extremely important because it determines the identity of the element. Also, in the periodic table, elements are arranged in order of increasing atomic number. This means that by knowing the atomic number of an element, we can locate it on the periodic table and determine its chemical and physical properties.

The mass number, represented by the letter A, is the sum total of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom. Unlike the atomic number, the mass number is not unique for each element. This is because an element can have atoms with different numbers of neutrons, known as isotopes.

For example, carbon, whose atomic number is 6, has three natural isotopes: carbon-12, carbon-13, and carbon-14. All have 6 protons (as determined by atomic number), but have 6, 7, and 8 neutrons, respectively, resulting in mass numbers of 12, 13, and 14.

Isotopes of an element have the same chemical properties because they have the same number of electrons. However, they have different physical properties, such as melting and boiling points, due to the difference in the number of neutrons.

Understanding the difference between atomic number and mass number is crucial to understanding atomic structure and the periodic table. Furthermore, these concepts are often tested in exams such as the ENEM, so it is important to have a clear understanding of them.

In short, atomic structure is the foundation upon which chemistry is built. The atomic number and mass number are fundamental characteristics of an atom that determine its identity and properties. By understanding these concepts, you will be well prepared to understand the most complex topics in chemistry.

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62.4. Atomic Structure: Electronic distribution