Free Ebook cover Essential Japanese Verb Forms: From Dictionary Form to て-form and ない-form

Essential Japanese Verb Forms: From Dictionary Form to て-form and ない-form

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11 pages

Casual Style Essentials: Plain Present and Plain Past (た-form)

Capítulo 5

Estimated reading time: 2 minutes

+ Exercise

Polite vs. Casual: What Changes (and What Doesn’t)

In Japanese, you can express the same meaning in either a polite style or a casual (plain) style. The main difference is the verb ending. Polite speech typically ends in ます/ました, while casual speech uses the dictionary form for non-past and the た-form for past.

MeaningCasual (plain)Polite
Non-past (present/future)たべるたべます
Pastたべたたべました

Nuance note: Casual forms are common with friends, family, and in self-talk. Polite forms are used with strangers, customers, teachers, and in formal settings. The meaning (time) is the same; the social tone changes.

Example pairs (same meaning, different tone)

  • ごはんを たべる。 (casual) / ごはんを たべます。 (polite) — “(I) eat / will eat rice.”
  • ごはんを たべた。 (casual) / ごはんを たべました。 (polite) — “(I) ate rice.”

How to Make the Plain Past (た-form): Transformation Chart

The た-form is the casual past. Build it by changing the verb ending according to its pattern. Use the chart below as a quick “swap the ending” guide.

GroupDictionary endingChange toExample
Group 1う / つ / るったあう→あった, まつ→まった, とる→とった
Group 1む / ぶ / ぬんだよむ→よんだ, あそぶ→あそんだ, しぬ→しんだ
Group 1いたかく→かいた
Group 1いだおよぐ→およいだ
Group 1したはなす→はなした
Group 2たべる→たべた, みる→みた
Irregularするしたべんきょうする→べんきょうした
Irregularくるきたくる→きた

Mnemonic grouping (to remember the sound changes)

  • Small っ group: う・つ・る → った (think: “U-Tsu-Ru makes a small っ”)
  • N-sound group: む・ぶ・ぬ → んだ (they “hum” into )
  • K/G pair: く→いた, ぐ→いだ (same vowel, only voicing changes)
  • S is special: す→した (easy to spot)
  • Group 2 is simple: drop + add
  • Irregular: memorize する→した, くる→きた

Step-by-step: Conjugate Any Verb into た-form

  1. Start with the dictionary form. Example: よむ
  2. Identify the ending pattern. よむ ends in → use the む/ぶ/ぬ→んだ rule.
  3. Swap the ending. よむよんだ
  4. Say it in a sentence. きのう、ほんを よんだ。 “Yesterday, (I) read a book.”

“One Verb, Three Forms” Practice (Dictionary / ます / た)

Practice switching styles quickly. Read each row aloud: casual non-past → polite non-past → casual past.

Dictionary (casual non-past)ます-form (polite non-past)た-form (casual past)
たべるたべますたべた
みるみますみた
かくかきますかいた
およぐおよぎますおよいだ
はなすはなしますはなした
まつまちますまった
よむよみますよんだ
あそぶあそびますあそんだ
するしますした
くるきますきた

Quick drill: convert these to た-form

Say the answer out loud, then check.

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  • とるとった
  • しぬしんだ
  • かくかいた
  • けすけした
  • ねるねた

Casual Dialogue Samples (Plain Present & Plain Past)

Dialogue 1: “Did you eat?” (た-form in a natural check-in)

A: もう たべた?

B: うん、たべた。Aは?

A: まだ。あとで たべる。

Dialogue 2: Polite vs casual in the same situation

(Polite at a shop)

店員: もう おのみものを たのみましたか。

客: はい、たのみました。

(Casual with a friend)

A: もう のみもの たのんだ?

B: うん、たのんだよ。

Dialogue 3: Past event report (casual storytelling)

A: きのう、なに した?

B: えいが みた。あと、うちで ほん よんだ。

A: いいね。わたしは しごと だった。

Now answer the exercise about the content:

Which option correctly forms the casual past (た-form) of the dictionary verb よむ?

You are right! Congratulations, now go to the next page

You missed! Try again.

よむ ends in , which follows the rule む/ぶ/ぬ → んだ, so よむ → よんだ.

Next chapter

The て-form: How to Build It and Why It’s Used So Often

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