30.1. Common Phrasal Verbs: Definition and Structure of Phrasal Verbs

Phrasal verbs are a fundamental component of the English language, particularly at the intermediate level. They are combinations of verbs with one or more particles, which can be prepositions or adverbs. These combinations create meanings that are often different from the original verb, making them an essential aspect of learning English for effective communication.

To understand phrasal verbs, it is crucial to comprehend their structure and how they function within sentences. A phrasal verb typically consists of two or three parts: a verb and one or more particles. The particle can significantly alter the meaning of the verb, and sometimes the meaning of the entire phrase cannot be deduced from the individual meanings of its parts. This characteristic makes phrasal verbs particularly challenging for learners of English.

Structure of Phrasal Verbs

The structure of phrasal verbs can be classified into two main categories: separable and inseparable phrasal verbs. Understanding these categories is key to mastering their use in sentences.

• Separable Phrasal Verbs: In separable phrasal verbs, the verb and the particle can be separated by other words, often a direct object. For example, in the phrasal verb "turn off," one can say "turn off the light" or "turn the light off." This flexibility allows for different sentence structures, but it also requires attention to the placement of words.
• Inseparable Phrasal Verbs: Inseparable phrasal verbs do not allow the verb and particle to be separated. For instance, "look after" is an inseparable phrasal verb, as in "She looks after her younger brother." In this case, the verb and particle must stay together to convey the intended meaning.

Some phrasal verbs are also three-part verbs, consisting of a verb followed by two particles. An example is "put up with," as in "I can’t put up with the noise." These three-part phrasal verbs are always inseparable.

Common Phrasal Verbs and Their Meanings

Learning common phrasal verbs is essential for intermediate English learners, as they frequently appear in everyday conversations and written texts. Here are some commonly used phrasal verbs along with their meanings:

1. Bring up: To mention or introduce a topic. Example: "She brought up the issue during the meeting."
2. Call off: To cancel something. Example: "They called off the concert due to bad weather."
3. Come across: To find or meet by chance. Example: "I came across an old friend at the market."
4. Get along: To have a good relationship. Example: "They get along well with each other."
5. Look forward to: To anticipate with pleasure. Example: "I look forward to our vacation next month."
6. Make up: To invent or create a story or excuse. Example: "He made up an excuse for being late."
7. Run into: To meet someone unexpectedly. Example: "I ran into my teacher at the supermarket."
8. Take after: To resemble a family member. Example: "She takes after her mother in many ways."
9. Turn down: To refuse or reject an offer. Example: "He turned down the job offer."
10. Work out: To exercise or to solve a problem. Example: "I work out at the gym every morning."

Using Phrasal Verbs in Context

To effectively use phrasal verbs, it is important to practice them in context. This involves understanding not only their meanings but also how they fit into different sentence structures. Here are some tips to help you incorporate phrasal verbs into your language practice:

• Read and Listen: Exposure to authentic English materials such as books, articles, podcasts, and movies can help you encounter phrasal verbs in context. Pay attention to how they are used and try to deduce their meanings from the surrounding text or dialogue.
• Practice with Exercises: Engage in exercises that focus on phrasal verbs. This could include matching exercises, fill-in-the-blank activities, or creating sentences using specific phrasal verbs.
• Use in Conversations: Try to incorporate phrasal verbs into your daily conversations. This will help you become more comfortable with their usage and improve your fluency.
• Create Flashcards: Make flashcards with phrasal verbs on one side and their meanings and example sentences on the other. Review these regularly to reinforce your memory.
• Group by Theme: Learn phrasal verbs by grouping them into themes or categories, such as travel, work, or emotions. This can make learning more organized and meaningful.

Challenges and Tips for Learning Phrasal Verbs

Learning phrasal verbs can be challenging due to their idiomatic nature and the vast number of combinations. Here are some common challenges and tips to overcome them:

• Memorization: The sheer number of phrasal verbs can be overwhelming. Focus on learning a few at a time and gradually build your vocabulary.
• Multiple Meanings: Some phrasal verbs have multiple meanings. Pay attention to context to understand the intended meaning.
• Similar Verbs: Some phrasal verbs may look similar but have different meanings. For example, "look up" (to search for information) vs. "look up to" (to admire someone).
• Practice Regularly: Consistent practice is key. Incorporate phrasal verbs into your daily language routine.
• Seek Feedback: Engage with native speakers or language teachers to get feedback on your usage of phrasal verbs.

In conclusion, phrasal verbs are an integral part of the English language, particularly at the intermediate level. Understanding their structure and meanings can greatly enhance your ability to communicate effectively. By practicing regularly and using them in context, you can master phrasal verbs and improve your overall language proficiency. Remember, the key to mastering phrasal verbs is consistent practice and exposure to authentic language materials.